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Ces voleurs. Vous ne devez avoir aucune pitié !Ngofeen: Prosecutor Régnault sat down feeling he’d accomplished his duty. As the defense started its closing arguments, he looked across the room. His gaze fell on Marie and Rose. Rose was weeping silently, and Marie was squeezing her hand, trying to comfort her.Gonzalve: En regardant Marie Jacob, j’ai vu une mère qui devait affronter sa plus grande peur, la perte de son fils unique. Mais elle montrait un courage étonnant.Ngofeen: The jury withdrew to deliberate. They had to respond “Yes” or “No” to over 600 specific charges. Six days later, on March 21, they were finally ready to deliver their decision. Alexandre still wasn’t allowed back into the courtroom. But Marie and Rose huddled together, awaiting the verdict.Judge: Coupable.Marie: Pour presque toutes les charges contre Alexandre, les jurés ont répondu « oui ». Il était reconnu coupable de tout. Même Rose et moi, pour eux, nous étions coupables. J’avais peur, mais je ne voulais pas le montrer au jury.Ngofeen: The jury found Alexandre guilty of all charges. Now, the judge had to define the corresponding sentences for each of the 23 defendants. Marie and Rose each got 5 years in jail. As for Alexandre…Marie: Il n’a pas reçu la peine de mort ! Alexandre évitait la guillotine ! J’ai serré Rose dans mes bras. Nous avons pleuré de joie. Mais ensuite, j’ai entendu sa condamnation… Et cette fois-ci, j’ai pleuré de tristesse.Ngofeen: Back in his cell, Alexandre waited for word of the sentencing. He felt strangely calm. If that day, the jury decided that he was to die, so be it. Morning turned to afternoon, then to evening. Finally, close to midnight, the warden opened the door to Alexandre’s cell.Garde: Debout, Jacob.Alexandre: Qu’est-ce qui se passe ?Garde: On peut dire que tu as vraiment de la chance, toi. Tu n’iras pas à la guillotine.Ngofeen: Alexandre blinked. The warden had called him lucky… He hadn’t gotten the death penalty! But then he wondered: what was his sentence?Alexandre: Mais alors… ?Garde: Tu iras au bagne, Jacob. Aux travaux forcés.Ngofeen: Alexandre felt a chill run down his spine. It wasn’t a death sentence, no. It was worse. He’d been sentenced to a life of forced labor in the bagne, France’s prison camps in South America, in the French colony of Guyana, thousands of miles away.Alexandre: Le bagne. Jusqu’à ma mort. Le bagne, ce n’était rien d’autre que la promesse d’une mort lente, dans la douleur…Ngofeen: Alexandre knew what happened to men sent to the bagne. Few survived longer than a few years. If they didn’t die of hunger or exhaustion, they caught malaria, or worse: they were murdered by a fellow inmate.Alexandre: Ces juges croient qu’en m’envoyant en Guyane, ils m’envoient à la mort.Ngofeen: But even in his despair, a glimmer of Alexandre’s old swagger reappeared and another thought took hold.Alexandre: Mais ils ne vont pas se débarrasser de moi comme ça. Ils ont déjà essayé de m’enfermer, et j’ai toujours réussi à m’échapper. Je

Moi : le témoignage du brigadier n’était pas bon pour Alexandre…Ngofeen: At that moment, Marie also noticed the prosecutor. His expression was unmistakable. It was one of sheer triumph.Gonzalve: Ma stratégie avait fonctionné exactement comme je l’avais prévu. Pour tout le monde, les deux gendarmes étaient maintenant des héros. Après ça, plus personne ne pouvait avoir de la sympathie pour Alexandre Jacob. Et maintenant, il ne me restait plus qu’à donner le coup final : mon réquisitoire !Ngofeen: The following day, March 15th, 1905, the prosecution was set to make its closing arguments. But the lead defendant, Alexandre Jacob, remained in his cell. Word had filtered back to him about the previous day’s testimony, and he was deep in thought…Alexandre: Un homme est mort, et je suis responsable. Je n’ai jamais voulu ça. Mes complices et moi évitions la violence. Je regrette qu’on n’ait pas pu rester fidèles à nos principes.Ngofeen: Alexandre pondered his fate. If prosecutor Régnault had his way…it would be the guillotine, for sure. He thought of the message he’d fought so hard to give voice to at trial.Alexandre: Je me battais pour donner une voix à la cause anarchiste, la cause des travailleurs et de ceux qui sont exploités. Est-ce que quelqu’un m’avait entendu ? Ou est-ce que personne ne voulait m’écouter ?Ngofeen: Meanwhile, at the courthouse, prosecutor Gonzalve Régnault made his case to the jury. Usually, only murderers were sent to their death, but he thought he could convince them that Alexandre Jacob deserved the guillotine.Gonzalve: Messieurs les Jurés. Pourquoi montrer de l’indulgence pour ces hors-la-loi ? Ce sont les pires ennemis de notre société. Ils ont déclaré une guerre sans pitié à la propriété privée.Ngofeen: Then Prosecutor Régnault reached the most tragic fact in his closing arguments: the death of a police officer.Gonzalve: Nous avons entendu beaucoup de choses sur l'affaire de Pont-Rémy. Maintenant, je peux le dire : Monsieur Félix Bour, vous avez tué l’agent Pruvost ! Et Monsieur Alexandre Jacob, vous êtes le chef de ces criminels, et vous avez essayé de tuer le brigadier Anquier !Ngofeen: Listening to the prosecutor's words, Rose shuddered. She could almost hear the sound of the guillotine coming down on Alexandre’s neck. She hoped that the jury would take one last fact into account: Alexandre had never set out to commit murder.Rose: Alexandre m’avait dit qu’il ne tuerait jamais pour le plaisir de tuer. Il aurait préféré que les choses ne se passent pas de cette façon. Mais à Pont-Rémy, il savait qu’il devait se défendre. Sinon, les policiers lui enlèveraient la vie ou la liberté. Et pour Alexandre, les deux avaient la même importance.Ngofeen: Prosecutor Regnault wrapped up his closing argument. He addressed the jury, looking each juror in the eye. He asked them to deliver the strongest possible sentence against Alexandre.Gonzalve: Votre verdict permettra de punir sévèrement des crimes justifiés par certaines théories anarchistes. Souvenez-vous qu’ils ne s’arrêteront pas là. Cette mort n’était pas un accident. Votre conscience ne devrait montrer aucune indulgence pour

In Episode 5 of this six-part series, the prosecutor of Alexandre Jacob’s trial makes his case. He hopes the Judge and jury will send the rebel thief to the guillotine. But will Alexandre’s impassioned speeches sway the jury…or will they send him to his doom?How to ListenListen free on Apple Podcasts or wherever you listen to podcasts.TranscriptNgofeen: Hi all, a quick note before we begin. This season of the Duolingo French podcast is serialized. So if you haven’t heard the previous episodes yet, go back and listen to those first. Now, onto the episode.Ngofeen: It’s late afternoon, March 15th, 1905. Gonzalve Régnault, the lead prosecutor in Alexandre Jacob’s trial, sits behind the prosecution’s heavy wooden table. Today is a big day for him. It’s the day he will make his closing arguments, son réquisitoire.Gonzalve: Mon réquisitoire est ma dernière chance de convaincre le jury. Je veux qu’ils voient le vrai visage d’Alexandre Jacob. Il sait bien s’exprimer… Mais ce n’est pas un héros de la justice, c’est un criminel. Et rien ne m’empêchera de défendre les honnêtes gens contre les criminels qui les volent et les attaquent.Ngofeen: Prosecutor Régnault stands up solemnly and smoothes his white mustache. At age 60, he’s had a long and illustrious career. His job, as he sees it, is to defend law and order. In the name of Justice, he’s faced dozens of criminals in court, and sent many of them to their deaths. He turns to face the jurors, les jurés.Gonzalve: Messieurs les jurés ! Aujourd’hui, vous allez décider de ce qui va arriver à Alexandre Jacob et à ses complices. Votre mission est difficile, mais vous devez l’accomplir jusqu’au bout, avec courage.Ngofeen: Prosecutor Régnault pauses and takes a moment to look each member of the jury in the eye. To him, a career criminal like Alexandre Jacob deserves to be punished to the fullest extent of the law.Gonzalve: Messieurs les jurés, aujourd'hui va être un grand jour pour la justice. Je vous le dis sans hésiter : Alexandre Jacob doit aller à la guillotine !Ngofeen: Bienvenue and welcome to the “Rebel thief,” Le voleur rebelle, a special season of the Duolingo French podcast — I’m Ngofeen Mputubwele. This season, we’re taking you back in time to the turn of the last century, France’s “Belle Époque,” to follow the adventures of the real-life “gentleman thief” Alexandre Marius Jacob.In the previous episode, after evading capture for four daring years, Alexandre and his accomplices were all arrested…and a police officer wound up dead. Now, Alexandre faces trial. Will his rebel vision for a more just society convince the jury…or will he be sent to the guillotine for his crimes?As always, you can follow along with full transcripts at podcast.duolingo.com.And now, Episode 5, “The Trial,” Le procès.Ngofeen: 24 hours earlier, on March 14th, Prosecutor Régnault arrived at the courthouse tense with anticipation. So far, Alexandre Jacob had grabbed the attention of the court and the press with his grand statements about poverty and justice. But today, Régnault

And other accomplices joined in the chorus of The Worker’s Song…the Belle Époque anthem of France’s poor working class. The Judge tried to bring back order. But finally, he gave up, and ordered the defendants expelled from the courtroom. They were dragged out by guards still singing at the top of their lungs.Judge: Silence ! Silence je vous dis, ça suffit ! Gardes ! Sortez ces hommes d’ici !Male Voices Singing: C'est la lutte finaleGroupons-nous, et demainL'InternationaleSera le genre humain.Ngofeen: Alexandre had been dragged out of the courtroom, and the judge had called a recess to negotiate with the defense attorneys. Now the hearings were about to resume. Marie waited anxiously for her son to return. But the Judge announced that Alexandre wouldn’t be coming back. He was banned from the courtroom.Alexandre: Le procès allait continuer, mais maintenant, Alexandre ne serait plus là pour se défendre. Cela m’inquiétait… Si l’accusé n’est pas là pour se défendre, ce n’est pas de la justice.Ngofeen: Next, Prosecutor Régnault brought in his most important witness. Brigadier Anquier was one of the two officers who’d tried to arrest Alexandre at the train station. He’d survived the shot fired by Alexandre. But his partner, Agent Pruvost, wasn’t so lucky. The shot fired by Félix had killed him. Marie dreaded Brigadier Anquier’s testimony.Marie: Depuis des semaines, les journaux parlaient de ces deux gendarmes comme des héros. Moi, je savais qu’Alexandre et Félix ne voulaient tuer personne. Mais les jurés, eux, ne le savaient pas. Ils ne connaissaient pas Alexandre aussi bien que moi.Ngofeen: When the clerk called Anquier’s name, Marie turned her head to get a good look at him. The gendarme approached the stand, pale and solemn.Judge: Brigadier Anquier, vous souvenez-vous des événements du 22 avril 1903, à la gare de Pont-Rémy ?Anquier: Oui… je m’en souviens.Judge: Bien. Racontez-nous tout, depuis le début.Anquier: Léonard Pruvost et moi, nous avions été prévenus d’un vol à Abbeville, pendant la nuit. On pensait que les voleurs étaient à Pont-Rémy, alors on est allés là-bas…Ngofeen: Silence fell over the courtroom. The audience hung onto the brigadier’s every word. Marie felt her chest tighten. The testimony wasn’t easy to hear.Anquier: Pruvost était par terre, peut-être déjà mort. Et Alexandre Jacob et moi, nous avons continué de nous battre. Et puis, il a sorti son arme… J’ai levé les bras pour me protéger. Mais… il a ouvert le feu.Ngofeen: Marie listened intently, fearing what Anquier would say next.Judge: Je comprends votre émotion. Si vous le souhaitez, nous pouvons faire une pause…Anquier: Non. J’étais blessé à l’épaule et je suis tombé. Je n’ai rien pu faire. Il s’est échappé, et j’ai survécu. Mais Pruvost, lui, il n’a pas eu cette chance. Il est mort. Pruvost, c’était un homme courageux. Il a fait son devoir. Protéger les citoyens contre les criminels. Ce jour-là, j’étais fier de lui !Ngofeen: Marie shuddered as the audience applauded the brigadier. She glanced over at Rose. Her face had a pained expression.Marie: Rose devait penser la même chose que

Feed itself.”“This is really what trips up welders experienced with other processes,” Alexandre said, “but it’s also what makes hand-held laser welding so easy and repeatable for people with no prior experience. The wire feed actually commences the torch’s motion, establishing your travel speed.”As Rupp explained, even with autogenous HHLW, the welder never pushes the gun forward. “You always want to have the torch in front of you and having it move back toward you, never away from you.”As Alexandre explained, depending on the machine manufacturer, the torch itself uses either a collet or tube to control the focus position, which the welder might adjust if a certain weld requires a defocused spot. And again, if the process uses a wire, the distance between the material surface and laser optics remains consistent.Butler Photography" href=" A hand-held laser welding torch handle is designed to be kept parallel to the weld surface. Butler PhotographyThe idea is to keep the torch angle as consistent as possible. Changing the angle slightly doesn’t change the focus significantly, Alexandre explained, but it can change the depth of penetration. “Even this is fairly straightforward,” he said. “You want the torch handle to be parallel to the part you’re welding.”Working With Existing CodesAs a consultant, Alexandre has helped clients qualify certain hand-held laser beam welding procedures using existing codes. The existing AWS C7.4 standard wasn’t written with hand-held laser welding in mind. So, he combines the essential variables from AWS B2.1, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification,

System needed to qualify a process to a code, the company likely invested in a beam profiler, which would periodically measure the beam and check its quality. “For hand-held laser welding, though, the laser welding equipment is actually less expensive than the beam profiler,” Alexandre said. “So, the question becomes, how do I know that my equipment is performing adequately?”Some equipment comes precalibrated from the factory, Alexandre said, with special collimating lens systems actually adapting to any focal position change that could occur. For equipment validation purposes, Alexandre has suggested the use of precalibrated machinery. Even so, the standards-writing committee is considering solutions for the various machines now on the market. Possible approaches to equipment qualification, Alexandre said, are still being discussed.Hand-Held Laser SafetyLast year, Patterson started serving on a committee organized by the International Institute of Welding (IIW). “IIW has put together a committee to produce a set of documents or procedures about [HHLW] safety,” he said, adding that it’s too soon to say what exactly the IIW committee will produce. That said, the IIW meetings do signify the importance of addressing safety around the new process.Though C7.4 is not a safety standard, it does provide safety guidance and references ANSI Z136.1, Safe Use of Lasers, and ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes.People in metal fabrication view HHLW’s safety in various ways. Some don’t think about it at all; others are so concerned that they don’t even consider adopting the technology.The concerns abound, and for good