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The ocean is full of uncharted territory—and of breathtaking natural wonders that look as though they might hail from another planet. Underwater plants and sea life are teeming with color and fascinating features like tentacles, bioluminescence, jelly-like skin, and ornamental shells. Aquatic scenes can look as dark and celestial as the night sky or as bright and kaleidoscopic as a flower garden. From sea anemones to sun coral, these 10 stunning underwater organisms offer an ethereal beauty hard to reproduce on land. White-Plumed Anemone Brent Durand / Getty Images There are more than 1,200 species of sea anemone in the ocean and these creatures are responsible for some of the most stunning colors and shapes you'll find underwater. The white-plumed anemone is among the most captivating of anemone species because of its odd cauliflower floret-esque appearance. This columnal plant can grow as tall as three feet and thrives in cold water from Alaska to San Diego. And while the soft pouf at the top looks like a nice place for a fish nap, those tentacles are the anemone's primary tool for stinging and catching prey. Red Sea Whip Giordano Cipriani / Getty Images The red sea whip is what you might expect a crimson-headed cartoon character's hair to look like if upside down. This soft coral belongs to the order Alcyonacea and the family Ellisellidae. Soft corals don't have the calcium carbonate skeletons found in hard corals, so their malleable tentacles dance with the water. Each branch of the sea whip contains countless coral polyps (small tubes fringed with tentacles) that gather food. Located primarily in shallow waters in the tropics and subtropics, the red sea whip coral is found across the world. Like the red whip, other corals of the Ellisellidae family are usually brightly colored and they come in different shapes. Green Sea Anemone Mark Newman / Getty Images This vibrant green sea anemone bears a strong resemblance to the land-based Anastasia flower, a type of spider chrysanthemum. Most of the anemone’s color occurs because of the symbiotic relationship it has with the photosynthetic organisms that live in

(Pallas, 1766)Blue Coral, Ridge Coral Likely Reef Tank Suitable Likely Fish-Only Tank Suitable Range: Indo-West Pacific Ocean: Southern Japan, west to Africa's East Coast, throughout the Red Sea and to Australia and the Coral Sea to Samoa.Natural Environment: Inhabits high-energy locations, e.g., areas where rolling waves in shallow environments, e.g., 20 - 30 feet (6 - 10 m) stir the environment and forms plate-like or column-like growths that can sometimes reach 6 feet (2 m) in height.General Husbandry: This photosynthetic soft coral, the only member in the Family Helioporidae is one of the few soft corals that actually contribute to reef building. Its internal aragonite/calcium skeleton is 'sky blue,' hence its most popular name (Blue Coral), because of a concentration of iron salts which it removes from surrounding seawater. It forms a hard outer crust of calcium carbonate that is brown due to the zooxanthellae living in this outer covering. Its small olive colored polyps are interconnected by stolons, i.e., root-like extensions, within its structure.Can shed a layer of outer skin, similar to some leather and porites corals, which helps to remove unwanted coverings of algae and/or bacteria.Very hardy and disease free and simply requires strong light, and placed where currents are fairly swift, yet not directly in front of outlets where the force of the flow would damage its polyps.No special feeding is required for this photosynthetic soft coral, but if placed in areas receiving inadequate light, the white edging of its branches that indicate new growth will turn

Called a kelp forest. When scientists stumbled upon a kelp forest in the Pacific Ocean in 2007, the discovery highlighted how much we still have to learn about the world's waters. Before this discovery, biologists thought kelp could not grow in warm tropical waters. Soft Coral Giordano Cipriani / Getty Images Feathery soft corals make up bouquets of brightly-colored sea life. Soft corals are members of the Octocorallia subclass, named for their "eightfold radial symmetry," which means they have eight smaller pieces that branch off of each main tube to give the downy appearance. Soft corals, having a significant variation in shape and size, can thrive in deep water or shallow tropical water. Open Brain Coral Jmk777 / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain It's clear how open brain coral got its name: The invertebrate—known scientifically as Trachyphyllia—exhibits a flabello-meandroid growth pattern in which curling valleys and fleshy walls are visible on its exterior. A type of stony coral, open brain coral are near threatened due to the reduction of coral reef habitat and harvesting for aquariums. This species of coral is small— less than eight inches—and both solitary and colonial. It may be found among other types of free-living coral. Soft coral thrives in the warm, shallow waters of the Indo-Pacific. Coral Reef Giordano Cipriani / Getty Images Not only will you find remarkable creatures in coral reefs; you'll also find that the reefs themselves are quite stunning. Coral varies in shape, size, and texture, but it is perhaps most admired for its variegation. The different colors of coral are a result of photosynthetic pigments, fluorescent proteins, and nonfluorescent chromoproteins. Coral's brilliant colors are severely threatened, however, by warming water temperatures. Rising temperatures result in a reduction in the amount of microscopic algae that produce the food corals need to survive, which can destroy coral or cause severe damage to its ecosystem. As of 2021, coral bleaching impacted some 75% of reefs globally. Even the largest coral reef system in the world, the Great Barrier Reef, is dying; pollution and overfishing are other severe threats to coral reefs. What Makes

And are concentrated in global deep-sea biodiversity hotspots [5]. They play a crucial role in deep-sea benthic environments, enhancing complexity and biodiversity [6]. Deep-sea coral ecosystems are Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) and are highly vulnerable to global climate change and human activities, such as deep-sea mineral resource exploration and development [7]. Due to their slow growth and slow recovery from damage, deep-sea coral ecosystems require urgent management and protection [8].Traditionally, the distribution of deep-sea corals has been estimated using fisheries surveys or catch records [9]. However, advancements in technology now allow for more accurate information on the distribution and density of deep-sea corals through underwater photography using manned submersibles or remotely operated vehicles. Despite its accuracy, this method is expensive and time-consuming, limiting its application to small-scale studies [10,11]. At present, the regions surveyed using visualization methods only account for a small portion of the global ocean, previous habitat suitability models for deep-sea corals have shown significant improvement in terms of environmental variable resolution, number of presence points, pseudo-absence point selection methods, model selection, and spatial coverage. Whether from the perspective of understanding the potential spatial distribution pattern of deep-sea corals or further exploring the mechanisms by which deep-sea coral distribution is influenced by environmental factors, there is an urgent need for research to develop a high-resolution, high-accuracy, and high-precision deep-sea coral habitat suitability model.In this study, we focused on the soft coral Alcyonacea, a type of Anthozoa, and examined its distribution in the western Pacific Ocean. We constructed distribution

Author / Affiliation / Email Article Menu Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Open AccessArticle by Minxing Dong 1,2,3, Jichao Yang 1, Yushan Fu 2,3, Tengfei Fu 2,3,*, Qing Zhao 1, Xuelei Zhang 4, Qinzeng Xu 4 and Wenquan Zhang 5,* 1 College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China 2 Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China 3 Key Laboratory of Deep Sea Mineral Resources Development, Shandong (Preparatory), Qingdao 266061, China 4 Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China 5 National Deep Sea Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266237, China * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. Submission received: 17 November 2023 / Revised: 24 January 2024 / Accepted: 25 January 2024 / Published: 30 January 2024 Abstract: The soft coral order Alcyonacea is a common coral found in the deep sea and plays a crucial role in the deep-sea ecosystem. This study aims to predict the distribution of Alcyonacea in the western Pacific Ocean using four machine learning-based species distribution models. The performance of these models is also evaluated. The results indicate a high consistency among the prediction results of the different models. The soft coral order is primarily distributed in the Thousand Islands Basin, Japan Trench, and Thousand Islands Trench. Water depth and silicate content are identified as important environmental factors influencing the distribution of Alcyonacea.

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